he
metatarsal of
Callao Man is reported to have been reliably dated by
uranium-series dating to 67,000 years ago
[16] thereby replacing the
Tabon Man of
Palawan, carbon-dated to around 24,000 years ago as the oldest human remains found in the archipelago.
Negritos were among the archipelago's earliest inhabitants but their appearance in the Philippines has not been reliably dated.There are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos. F. Landa Jocano theorizes that the ancestors of the Filipinos
evolved locally.
Wilhelm Solheim's
Island Origin Theory postulates that the peopling of the archipelago transpired via trade networks originating in the
antediluvian Sundaland area around 48000 to 5000 BCE rather than by wide-scale migration. The
Austronesian Expansion Theory states that
Malayo-Polynesians coming from
Taiwan began migrating to the Philippines around 4000 BCE, displacing earlier arrivalsWhatever the case, by 1000 BCE the inhabitants of the archipelago had developed into four kinds of social groups: hunter-gathering tribes, warrior societies, petty plutocracies, and maritime-centered harbor principalities.
Trade between the maritime-oriented peoples and other Asian countries during the subsequent period brought influences from
Hinduism,
Buddhism, and
Islam. During this time there was no unifying political state encompassing the entire Philippine Archipelago. Instead, the islands were divided among competing
thalassocracies ruled by various
datus,
rajahs, or
sultans. These
thalassocracies were composed of autonomous barangays which were independent to or allied with larger nations. Among them were the kingdoms of
Maynila,
Namayan, and
Tondo, the
confederation of Madyaas, the state of
Ma-i, the rajahnates of
Butuan and
Cebu, and the sultanates of
Maguindanao and
Sulu.Some of these societies were part of the Malayan empires of
Srivijaya,
Majapahit, and
BruneIslam was brought to the Philippines by traders and
proselytizers from Malaysia and Indonesia By the 15th century, Islam was established in the
Sulu Archipelago and by 1565 had reached
Mindanao, the
Visayas, and
Luzon.
[3----AGE OF REASON/ENLIGHTENMENT
Spanish rule contributed significantly to bringing political unity to the archipelago. From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was governed as a territory of the
Viceroyalty of New Spain and then was administered directly from
Madrid after the
Mexican War of Independence. The
Manila galleons linking Manila to
Acapulco traveled once or twice a year between the 16th and 19th centuries. Trade introduced foods such as
corn,
tomatoes,
potatoes,
chili peppers, and
pineapples from the Americas.
[34] Roman Catholic missionaries converted most of the lowland inhabitants to
Christianity and founded schools, a university, and hospitals. While a Spanish decree introduced free public schooling in 1863, efforts in mass public education mainly came to fruition during the American period.
---REVOLUTION
Revolutionary sentiments were stoked in 1872 after three priests—
Mariano Gómez,
José Burgos, and
Jacinto Zamora (collectively known as
Gomburza)—were accused of sedition by colonial authorities and executed.
[38][39] This would inspire a
propaganda movement in Spain, organized by
Marcelo H. del Pilar,
José Rizal, and
Mariano Ponce, lobbying for political reforms in the Philippines. Rizal was eventually executed on December 30, 1896, on charges of rebellion. As attempts at reform were meeting with resistance,
Andrés Bonifacio in 1892 established the secret society called the
Katipunan, a society along the lines of the
freemasons, which sought independence from Spain through armed revolt.Bonifacio and the Katipunan started the Philippine Revolution in 1896. A faction of the Katipunan, the
Magdalo of
Cavite province, eventually came to challenge Bonifacio's position as the leader of the revolution and
Emilio Aguinaldo took over. In 1898, the
Spanish-American War began in
Cuba and reached the Philippines. Aguinaldo
declared Philippine independence from Spain in Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898 and the
First Philippine Republic was established the following year. Meanwhile, the islands were ceded by Spain to the United States for US$20 million in the
1898 Treaty of Paris.
[As it became increasingly clear the United States would not recognize the First Philippine Republic, the
Philippine–American War broke out. It ended with American control over the islands which were then administered as an
insular area.